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Duns Scotus, John, - approximately 1266-1308.

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Immaculée Conception --- Immaculate Conception --- Duns Scotus, John, - approximately 1266-1308

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Jeune fille à marier, épouse et mère, maîtresse, vieille fille : ces états offerts à la carrière féminine, la littérature occidentale comme l'expérience du monde vécu nous les ont rendus familiers. Pourtant, la lecture de quelque deux cent cinquante oeuvres, classiques ou plus confidentielles, du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours - romans, nouvelles, contes, pièces de théâtre et films -, réserve une étonnante surprise. La fiction ne se contente pas de refléter la réalité historique et ses lentes évolutions ; à partir de ce petit nombre, très stable, d'états dûment structurés, régis par des règles précises, définis par le mode de subsistance économique et la disponibilité sexuelle, elle révèle un état particulier : le "complexe de la seconde". Cet état, qui ne s'observe pas semblablement dans la vie commune, est l'équivalent féminin et romanesque du complexe d'Oedipe : comment, maîtresse, prendre la place de la femme mariée ? Comment, seconde épouse, remplacer la première ? Il hante la fiction, noble ou sentimentale, de Charlotte Brontë à Georges Ohnet, d'Honoré de Balzac à Marguerite Duras, de Thomas Hardy à Delly, d'Henry James à Daphné Du Maurier. Telle, dans ses structures, apparaît l'identité féminine à un "regard éloigné", celui que peut porter l'anthropologue sur les romans de la culture occidentale.

Categories (Philosophy) --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Duns Scotus, John, - approximately 1266-1308

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Since the first decade of the 14th Century, Thomas Aquinas's disciples have struggled to explain and defend his doctrine of analogy. Analogy after Aquinas: Logical Problems, Thomistic Answers relates a history of prominent Medieval and Renaissance Thomists' efforts to solve three distinct but interrelated problems arising from their reading both of Aquinas's own texts on analogy, and from John Duns Scotus's arguments against analogy and in favor of univocity in Metaphysics and Natural Theology. The first of these three problems concerns Aquinas's at least apparently disparate statements on whether a name is said by analogy through a single concept or through diverse concepts. The second problem concerns the model of analogy suited for predicating names analogously across the categories of being or about God and creatures. Is "being" said analogously about God and creatures, or substance and accidents, on the model of how "healthy" is said of medicine and an animal, or on the model of how "principle" is said of a point and a line? The third problem comes from outside challenges to Aquinas's thought, in particular Scotus' claims that univocal names alone can mediate valid demonstrations, and any demonstration that failed to use its mediating terms univocally would fail by the fallacy of equivocation. Analogy after Aquinas makes a unique contribution to the study of philosophical theology in the tradition of Thomas Aquinas by showing the historical and philosophical connection between these three problems, as well as the variety of solutions proposed by leading representatives of this tradition. Thomists considered in the book include: Hervaeus Natalis (1250-1323), Thomas Sutton (1250-1315), John Capreolus (1380-1444), Dominic of Flanders (1425-1479), Paul Soncinas (d. 1494), Thomas dio vio Cajetan (1469-1534), Francis Silvestri of Ferrara (1474-1528), and Chrysostom Javelli (1470-1538).

Analysis (Philosophy) --- Reasoning --- Thomas, --- Duns Scotus, John, --- Thomas, - Aquinas, Saint, - 1225?-1274 --- Duns Scotus, John, - approximately 1266-1308

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This book sets out a thematic presentation of human action, especially as it relates to morality, in the three most significant figures in Medieval Scholastic thought: Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. Thomas, along with his teacher Albert the Great, was instrumental in the medieval reception of the action theory of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. Scotus and Ockham were part of a later Franciscan theological tradition. Thomas, Scotus, and Ockham worked in the context of a new moral theology that focused on the description and evaluation of human acts. Organised thematically, discussing the causes of human action, the role of practical reasoning, the stages of action, the specification of moral action, and an act’s supernatural and natural worth, each chapter compares the three main figures on the same set of issues. The book shows that although the different philosophies of action cannot be explained in terms of any one major difference or principle, there are some common themes that deserve attention. The most notable themes are a developing separation between nature and the will; an increased emphasis on the will’s activity, and a changing view of mental causation. The book is important for those who are interested in medieval philosophy, the philosophy of action, and the intellectual background to Reformation and early modern thought.

Act (Philosophy) --- Philosophy, Medieval --- Thomas, --- Duns Scotus, John, --- William, --- Thomas, - Aquinas, Saint, - 1225?-1274 --- Duns Scotus, John, - approximately 1266-1308. --- William, - of Ockham, - approximately 1285-approximately 1349